In the past days a young woman tall, very tall, taller than myself by at least one palm, very elegant, beautiful, with a bad white eye that could not see, went there also. He sent frequent letters to his family describing what he was learning in Paris, such as this excerpt from 1886:įrom 50 to 100 patients go daily to the clinic of Wecker there are days when they perform as many as 10 major operations. Rizal served as assistant at de Wecker's clinic from November 1885 to February 1886. 4 The de Wecker iris scissors are still in use. He modified cataract and strabismus surgery, devised a new method of enucleation, advocated sclerotomy for the treatment of glaucoma, and was the first to use the term filtration. He introduced ophthalmoscopy into France and advanced ocular surgery.
Although he held no academic position, de Wecker was a prolific author and an active teacher. Rizal first studied the eye under the famous French ophthalmologist, Louis de Wecker (1832-1906). Most postgraduate training was obtained in preceptorships under the tutelage of well-known professors. In the late 19th century, ophthalmology was already a separate specialty, but there were no organized residency programs.
Rizal was inspired to study ophthalmology by his mother's failing eyesight and his desire to help her. Instead, he mailed his thesis to the university and hoped for its acceptance in this manner. Reading his thesis in Madrid would have required an additional trip to Spain, which Rizal could not afford. At the time Rizal completed the thesis, he was already studying ophthalmology in Germany. Some comments show his awareness of inadequacies in the system with an ironic sense of humor: "The San Carlos clinic which prints a seal of infection to every wound." 3(p49)Īlthough Rizal completed a thesis for his doctorate in medicine, he did not technically receive this degree, since he did not appear to read his thesis aloud as required by the Central University of Madrid. Rizal recorded opinions of professors on the cases as well as his own observations. The case reports include the patients' history, physical findings, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment, including prescriptions, diet, course, and even autopsy findings. His clinical and surgical notes contain details of lectures and case histories. Rizal kept meticulous notes of his clinical experiences in Madrid. However, one could obtain a doctoral degree, similar to a contemporary American doctoral degree, after passing examinations and writing an approved thesis.) Further medical education was not required to call oneself a physician or to practice medicine at that time. (The licentiate is an undergraduate degree similar to the American bachelor's degree but with a more vocational focus. In 1884, Rizal completed licentiates in medicine and in philosophy and letters at the Central University of Madrid. Dissatisfied with his education there, due in part to the prejudices of faculty against native students, he continued his studies in Spain. 2 From 1879 to 1882, he studied medicine, agriculture, surveying, and philosophy and letters at Santo Tomas University in Manila. On graduation from the Ateneo, he won first prizes in 5 academic subjects, and his bachelor of arts degree was conferred from Santo Tomas University (the only institution in the Philippines authorized to grant academic degrees). Rizal received his secondary education at the Ateneo Municipal of Manila, where he was a star pupil. Shared Decision Making and Communication.
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